Omfortable position but didn’t interfere with the movement and was at a height reduce than the vertical elbow position [23]. The experiment consisted of nine point-to-point reaching tasks in the frontal plane from the marker R to every cardinal path in the target board and back to the marker R (Figure 1A). Subjects began pointing for the initially target (O) and went back to R before pointing for the following target. Other targets had been reached clockwise (NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, NW, N). There was a one-second pause immediately after reaching every target and about a two-second pause involving tasks. In addition, the trajectory of your movements was not constrained and standardized only for beginning and ending points. To account for intra-subject variability and provide trusted analysis, every single subject repeated the trial ten times. A trial consisted of nine reaching tasks, one to every single target. Every task incorporated the forward phase, onesecond pause, and the backward phase. Nonetheless, due to the gravity, subjects usually returned back for the initial position with low muscle activity and the majority of EMG phasic activity [23,25] was concentrated in the forward phases. Therefore, only forward RO6889678 MedChemExpress phases have been thought of for evaluation. The trials have been recorded using a motion capture technique (Vicon 8 TVC system, Oxford, Uk) and sixteen surface EMG electrodes (Cometa, Milan, Italy). Ahead of the experiment, subjects wore a set of five markers, positioned on D5 and C7 vertebras, acromion (representing shoulder–S), correct elbow epicondyle (E), and styloid approach of the ulna (W). Subjects held a 20 cm lengthy pointer identified by two markers (EE1 and EE2). Sixteen muscles’ activities (Figure 1B) had been recorded with sixteen surface EMG electrodes positioned in accordance with the SENIAM suggestions [48]: Erector Spinae (ES), Teres Big (TeresMa), Infraspinatus (Inf), Lower Pirlindole Epigenetic Reader Domain Trapezius (TrapL), Middle Trapezius (TrapM), Upper Trapezius (TrapU), Deltoid Anterior (DeltA), Deltoid Middle (DeltM), Deltoid Posterior (DeltP), Pectoralis (Pect), Triceps Lengthy Head (TriLong), Triceps Lateral Head (TriLat), Biceps Lengthy Head (BicLong), Biceps Quick Head (BicShort), Brachioradialis (Bra), and Pronator Teres (ProT). Kinematics was recorded at one hundred Hz and EMG at 1000 Hz. two.3. Information Analysis Data evaluation mostly integrated three actions: signal processing, synergy extraction, and similarity analysis, as shown in the schematic in Figure 2.and Pronator Teres (ProT). Kinematics was recorded at 100 Hz and EMG at 1000 Hz.two.3. Information Analysis2.three. Information Analysis Data analysis mainly integrated 3 methods: signal processing, synergy extraction, andBiomimetics 2021, 6,Data analysis primarily included three actions: signal processing, synergy extraction, and similarity evaluation, as shown in the schematic in Figure 2. 4 of 19 similarity evaluation, as shown within the schematic in Figure two.Figure 1. Experiment process (A) and positioning of EMG probes (B). Sixteen muscles have been measured: Erector Spinae (ES), Figure 1. Experiment job (A) and positioning of EMG probes (B). Sixteen muscles were measured: Erector Spinae (ES), Teres Key (TeresMa), Infraspinatus (Inf), Lower Trapezius (TrapL), Middle Trapezius (TrapM), Upper Trapezius Teres Significant (TeresMa), Infraspinatus (Inf), Lower Trapezius (TrapL), Middle Trapezius (TrapM), Upper Trapezius (TrapU), Figure (TrapU), Deltoid Anterior (DeltA), Deltoid Middle (DeltM), Deltoid Posterior (DeltP), Pectoralis (Pect), Triceps Lengthy Head 1. Experiment job (A) and positioning of EMG prob.
