E manner. This has been postulated by theories inspired by the
E manner. This has been postulated by theories inspired by the ideomotor point of view [ 3]. For example, proponents in the `theory of occasion coding’ or the common `commoncode’ point of view [35] claim that action andAnother series of experiments utilized a handopening paradigm [258]. Participants had to perform a handopening or closing gesture along with the onset with the movement was cued by the observation of a human hand or robotic claw opening or closing. Automatic imitation was evidenced by an elevated reaction time when the observed and executed gestures had been incongruent when compared with congruent, and was larger for human than for the robotic stimuli [25]. Manipulating participants’ beliefs in regards to the nature in the agent controlling the movement, showing a human hand although pretending it was a robot manage, did not result in topdown influence on the interference effect [26]. By contrast, repeated exposure for the robot in the congruent PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28742396 condition eliminated the boost of this effect for humans [27].(b) Actionrelated bias in perceptual selectionWykowska and coworkers [292] investigated how action preparing influences early perceptual processes in the visual domain. A series of experiments consisted of a visual search activity for size or luminancedefined popout targets combined with two actions: grasping and pointing. The paradigm produced two congruent perception ction pairs as outlined by ideomotor theories [,2]: sizegrasping and luminancepointing. The outcomes showed congruency effects in behaviour [29], with greater search overall performance when size was coupled with grasping (as in comparison with pointing) and when luminance was combined with pointing (relative to grasping), also as in eventrelated potentials (ERP) from the electroencephalogram (EEG) [32], with actionrelated modulation of early attentionrelated ERP elements. These benefits are in line with prior findings of Fagioli et al. [33] in which processing of perceptual dimensions of size and location was biased with respect to pointing and reaching actions. Interestingly, in a later study [34], the authors showed that mere observation of an action performed by others (devoid of execution of your action) is sufficient to elicit an impact of actionrelated bias on perceptual processing. The congruency effects observed in [292] as well as in [33,34] had been replicated when robot hands were employed as stimuli [35]. Participants have been also asked to carry out two tasksa perceptual job (a visual search job to get a target defined by size or luminance), plus a movement taskgrasping or pointing. Similarly to [294], the design designed two action erception congruent pairs: size was coupled with grasping though luminance was coupled with pointing. The tobe performed actions were signalled either by robotlike or humanlike hand stimuli. Action erception congruency effects have been observed both with robotic hands too as human hands, that is in line with preceding benefits [24]. A perceptual phenomenon related to motor resonance is perceptual resonance, 
the impact from the action persons are order 4EGI-1 producing on their perception of others’ actions [36]. By way of example, if participants must judge the weight of boxes lifted by other individuals although lifting boxes themselves, the observed weights are under or overestimated according to the weight with the participant’s personal box [37]. These effects have been preserved when the humanoid robot iCub [8] was performing the lifting actions [38,39].(c) Motor resonance networkNeuroimaging supplies tools to investigate.
