Lected databases. NT and NR: GenBank nucleotide and nonredundant databases,respectively. SerpP and SerpN: snake protein and nucleotide databases,respectively.Cardoso et al. BMC Genomics ,: biomedcentralPage ofAll from the ESTs were deposited in the dbEST division of GenBank (accession numbers GW to GW).Gene ontology (GO)Selected venom gland proteins Venom gland receptorsA international GO evaluation of unisequences in relation to molecular function revealed that the largest number of transcripts was related to protein binding,followed by peptidase and transferase activities,calciumbinding,enzyme regulation,nucleic acid binding,structural protein and transporter activities,lipid binding,and transcriptional regulation (Figure. Evaluation on the biological processes revealed two major groups arbitrarily defined as those with ESTs and these with ESTs. The former contained genes related to tension,responses to external stimuli,development,symbiosis,cell differentiation,DNA metabolism,cell death and signal transduction,whereas the latter consisted of genes related to catabolism,precursor biosynthesis,translation,protein modification,transcription,lipid metabolism,protein and ion transport,cytoskeletal organization,cell proliferation and cell cycle (Figure. The biological processes identified right here generally agreed with the broad categories (general metabolism,transcription and translation,processing and sorting,(polypeptide) degradation,structural functions and cell regulation) reported for other Bothrops species and L. muta .We detected one transcript coding to get a protein equivalent to a D adrenoceptor from B. jararaca. Considering the fact that a and badrenergic mechanisms have an essential part in venom production in B. jararaca ,principally by means of receptors structurally connected to a D and aBadrenoceptors ,a similar regulatory mechanism mediated by these receptors probably also happens in B. alternatus. Yet another receptor identified was vascular endothelin variety A (ET A receptor (a single singlet). This receptor mediates the vasoconstrictor activity from the endothelin household of peptides in B. jararaca aorta and may very well be crucial inside the regulation of vascular tone in blood vessels irrigating the venom gland. A contig was identified for any calglandulinlike EFhand protein. Venom gland calglandulin,initially identified in B. insularis based on an EST analysis of this venom gland and subsequently cloned and expressed from this species (also detected in elapid venom glands ),is usually a Cabinding protein structurally similar to calmodulin and troponin C. This protein,that is venom glandspecific (not identified in other snake PF-CBP1 (hydrochloride) biological activity organs or venom) ,may have a function in the transport and secretion of venom toxins,along with possibly acting as an intracellular Ca chelator to regulate toxin PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22394471 activity.Figure Molecular functions identified by Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of B. alternatus venom gland ESTs. The Xaxis shows the amount of ESTs plus the Yaxis the GO terms.Cardoso et al. BMC Genomics ,: biomedcentralPage ofFigure Biological processes identified by Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of B. alternatus venom gland ESTs. The Xaxis shows the amount of ESTs and the Yaxis the GO terms.DuspDual specificity phosphatases (Dusp) have vital functions in embryogenesis,cell growth and immune responses by acting as adverse feedback regulators of mitogenactivated protein kinases (MAPK) . DUSP has an essential role in snake embryogenesis,with high gene expression within the anterior component on the presomitic mesoderm . Th.
