Y predict membership in different trajectory groups for social and physical aggression. We predicted that males would be at greater risk of following elevated physical aggression trajectories (Card et al., 2008; Dodge, et al., 2006; Karriker-Jaffee et al., 2008), however we did not expect gender to be a significant predictor of membership in social aggression trajectory groups (Card et al., 2008; Karriker-Jaffee, 2008; Underwood et al., 2009). We predicted that non-White children would be more likely to be on elevated social and physical aggression trajectories (Dodge et al., 2006; Putallaz, et al., 2007) as would children with divorced parents (Kerig et al., 2001; Tremblay et al., 2004). We predicted that lower family incomes would predict elevated physical aggression trajectories (Tremblay et al., 2004), but would be unrelated to the development of social aggression (Spieker et al., 2012; Underwood et al., 2009; Vaillancourt et al., 2007). We anticipated that the overly harsh parenting behaviors associated with the authoritarian parent style as well as the excessively lax and lenient behaviors of the permissive parenting style would predict following higher trajectories for both social and physical aggression (Kawataba; 2011; Olsen et al., 2011; Sandstrom, 2007). N-hexanoic-Try-Ile-(6)-amino hexanoic amide clinical trials Finally, we predicted that high levels of negative interparental conflict would also be associated with elevated social and physical aggression trajectories (Li et al., 2011; Underwood et al., 2008).NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript MethodParticipantsParticipants were 158 girls and 138 boys, their teachers, and their parents. Target children were initially recruited when they were approximately 9 years old and at the end of their 3rdAggress Behav. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2015 September 01.Ehrenreich et al.Pagegrade year and were assessed yearly through age 18 at the end of 12th grade. Participants were recruited from a large, diverse public school district in the southern United States. The ethnically diverse sample was 21 African American, 5.3 Asian, 51.6 Caucasian, 21 Hispanic, 1.1 were of another race, mixed race, or did not disclose their ethnicity. Parents reported annual family income on a five-point scale: annual income of less than 25,000; 26,000 ? 50,000; 51,000 ? 75,000; 76,000 ? 100,000; and an annual income greater than 100,000. Parents reported income during annual visits using the same scale. Participants who were in the lowest two income categories for at least 75 of the years they reported income were coded as low income1. Most participant children had married parents during the initial year of demographic data collection (65.8 ), 3.6 had parents who were remarried, 12.1 had divorced parents, 6.4 had parents who were separated, 1 had widowed parents, 9.3 had parents who were never married, and 1.8 of parents chose not to report marital GS-5816 cost status information. Children’s teachers in grades 3 through 12 were invited to participate in the study by providing ratings of participants’ social behaviors at school. Elementary school teachers, who taught the children in their classrooms all day, provided ratings in grades 3 ?6. Given that beginning in 7th grade participants’ language arts teachers taught the students for two class periods per day during the school week, these teachers provided ratings in grade 7 and grade 8. When the participants entered high school, participants nominated a “favorite” te.Y predict membership in different trajectory groups for social and physical aggression. We predicted that males would be at greater risk of following elevated physical aggression trajectories (Card et al., 2008; Dodge, et al., 2006; Karriker-Jaffee et al., 2008), however we did not expect gender to be a significant predictor of membership in social aggression trajectory groups (Card et al., 2008; Karriker-Jaffee, 2008; Underwood et al., 2009). We predicted that non-White children would be more likely to be on elevated social and physical aggression trajectories (Dodge et al., 2006; Putallaz, et al., 2007) as would children with divorced parents (Kerig et al., 2001; Tremblay et al., 2004). We predicted that lower family incomes would predict elevated physical aggression trajectories (Tremblay et al., 2004), but would be unrelated to the development of social aggression (Spieker et al., 2012; Underwood et al., 2009; Vaillancourt et al., 2007). We anticipated that the overly harsh parenting behaviors associated with the authoritarian parent style as well as the excessively lax and lenient behaviors of the permissive parenting style would predict following higher trajectories for both social and physical aggression (Kawataba; 2011; Olsen et al., 2011; Sandstrom, 2007). Finally, we predicted that high levels of negative interparental conflict would also be associated with elevated social and physical aggression trajectories (Li et al., 2011; Underwood et al., 2008).NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript MethodParticipantsParticipants were 158 girls and 138 boys, their teachers, and their parents. Target children were initially recruited when they were approximately 9 years old and at the end of their 3rdAggress Behav. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2015 September 01.Ehrenreich et al.Pagegrade year and were assessed yearly through age 18 at the end of 12th grade. Participants were recruited from a large, diverse public school district in the southern United States. The ethnically diverse sample was 21 African American, 5.3 Asian, 51.6 Caucasian, 21 Hispanic, 1.1 were of another race, mixed race, or did not disclose their ethnicity. Parents reported annual family income on a five-point scale: annual income of less than 25,000; 26,000 ? 50,000; 51,000 ? 75,000; 76,000 ? 100,000; and an annual income greater than 100,000. Parents reported income during annual visits using the same scale. Participants who were in the lowest two income categories for at least 75 of the years they reported income were coded as low income1. Most participant children had married parents during the initial year of demographic data collection (65.8 ), 3.6 had parents who were remarried, 12.1 had divorced parents, 6.4 had parents who were separated, 1 had widowed parents, 9.3 had parents who were never married, and 1.8 of parents chose not to report marital status information. Children’s teachers in grades 3 through 12 were invited to participate in the study by providing ratings of participants’ social behaviors at school. Elementary school teachers, who taught the children in their classrooms all day, provided ratings in grades 3 ?6. Given that beginning in 7th grade participants’ language arts teachers taught the students for two class periods per day during the school week, these teachers provided ratings in grade 7 and grade 8. When the participants entered high school, participants nominated a “favorite” te.
