Trial median overall survival (OS) increased from 7.9 months in the placebo group to 10.7 months in the sorafenib group. Sorafenib showed a MK-8742 chemical information significant benefit also in terms ofwww.impactjournals.com/oncotargettime to progression (TTP), with a median of 5.5 months in the sorafenib group and 2.8 months in the placebo group. On the basis of these findings, the FDA, European Medicine Agency (EMA) and other regulatory authorities in the world have approved sorafenib for advanced HCC treatment. However, although sorafenib is well tolerated, concern for its safety has been expressed. Most common adverse events reported in the SHARP trial were diarrhea and hand-foot skin reactions [211]. Sorafenib is currently undergoing investigation in a phase III study – the STORM trial – in HCC patients as an adjuvant therapy for the prevention of recurrence following surgery or local ablation (http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/ NCT00692770). In addition to sorafenib other molecular targeting order Enasidenib agents have been used in clinical trials for advanced HCC treatment (Table 1). However, most of them have demonstrated very low responses. The low response rate associated with monotherapy indicates the need to explore combinations of different molecular targeting agents, but also combinations of a single agent with conventional cytotoxic drugs. In this context, a phase II trial demonstrated that the addition of sorafenib to doxorubicin improves progression-free and overall survival of patients with advanced HCC [212]. Moreover, a phase II trial is currently recruiting patients to determine the progression-free survival of sorafenib plus tegafur/ uracil (UFUR) for the treatment of advanced or metastatic HCC (NCT00464919). In addition to Raf inhibition, preclinical studies have demonstrated the potential of MEK inhibition to suppress hepatoma cell proliferation and tumorigenicity [44, 46, 213-216]. Huynh et al. recently reported that treatment of human HCC xenografts with AZD6244 (ARRY-142886, Selumetinib), a selective MEK inhibitor, blocked ERK1/2 activation, reduced in vivo tumor growth and induced apoptosis [44]. Targeting MEK with the selective MEK inhibitor PD0325901, a derivative of CI-1040, had in vivo chemopreventive effects on HCC development in an animal model employing TGF–transgenic mice with liver cancers induced by diethylnitrosamine treatment [217]. In addition, a combination of the MEK inhibitor AZD6244 and the conventional cytostatic drug doxorubicin enhanced the antineoplastic activity of the respective monotherapeutic HCC treatment with doxorubicin alone [218]. MEK inhibitors have also been shown to potentiate the antitumor activity of selective COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors in suppressing growth and inducing apoptosis in human liver cancer cells [174]. Taken together, the in vitro and preclinical in vivo data show that MEK inhibitors are promising agents for HCC treatment. However, a multicenter phase II clinical study failed to demonstrate a clinical benefit for AZD6244 as a single agent in patients with advanced HCC [219]. This result suggests that inhibition of MEK signaling alone is not sufficient to successfully treat advanced-stageOncotarget 2012; 3: 236-HCC, therefore two clinical trials are currently testing AZD6244 in HCC patients with less severe disease, i.e. moderate liver dysfunction, and also in association with sorafenib (Table 1).TARGETING PATHWAYTHEPI3K/AKT/MTORprofile of temsirolimus in combination with sorafenib (Table 1). Taken to.Trial median overall survival (OS) increased from 7.9 months in the placebo group to 10.7 months in the sorafenib group. Sorafenib showed a significant benefit also in terms ofwww.impactjournals.com/oncotargettime to progression (TTP), with a median of 5.5 months in the sorafenib group and 2.8 months in the placebo group. On the basis of these findings, the FDA, European Medicine Agency (EMA) and other regulatory authorities in the world have approved sorafenib for advanced HCC treatment. However, although sorafenib is well tolerated, concern for its safety has been expressed. Most common adverse events reported in the SHARP trial were diarrhea and hand-foot skin reactions [211]. Sorafenib is currently undergoing investigation in a phase III study – the STORM trial – in HCC patients as an adjuvant therapy for the prevention of recurrence following surgery or local ablation (http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/ NCT00692770). In addition to sorafenib other molecular targeting agents have been used in clinical trials for advanced HCC treatment (Table 1). However, most of them have demonstrated very low responses. The low response rate associated with monotherapy indicates the need to explore combinations of different molecular targeting agents, but also combinations of a single agent with conventional cytotoxic drugs. In this context, a phase II trial demonstrated that the addition of sorafenib to doxorubicin improves progression-free and overall survival of patients with advanced HCC [212]. Moreover, a phase II trial is currently recruiting patients to determine the progression-free survival of sorafenib plus tegafur/ uracil (UFUR) for the treatment of advanced or metastatic HCC (NCT00464919). In addition to Raf inhibition, preclinical studies have demonstrated the potential of MEK inhibition to suppress hepatoma cell proliferation and tumorigenicity [44, 46, 213-216]. Huynh et al. recently reported that treatment of human HCC xenografts with AZD6244 (ARRY-142886, Selumetinib), a selective MEK inhibitor, blocked ERK1/2 activation, reduced in vivo tumor growth and induced apoptosis [44]. Targeting MEK with the selective MEK inhibitor PD0325901, a derivative of CI-1040, had in vivo chemopreventive effects on HCC development in an animal model employing TGF–transgenic mice with liver cancers induced by diethylnitrosamine treatment [217]. In addition, a combination of the MEK inhibitor AZD6244 and the conventional cytostatic drug doxorubicin enhanced the antineoplastic activity of the respective monotherapeutic HCC treatment with doxorubicin alone [218]. MEK inhibitors have also been shown to potentiate the antitumor activity of selective COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors in suppressing growth and inducing apoptosis in human liver cancer cells [174]. Taken together, the in vitro and preclinical in vivo data show that MEK inhibitors are promising agents for HCC treatment. However, a multicenter phase II clinical study failed to demonstrate a clinical benefit for AZD6244 as a single agent in patients with advanced HCC [219]. This result suggests that inhibition of MEK signaling alone is not sufficient to successfully treat advanced-stageOncotarget 2012; 3: 236-HCC, therefore two clinical trials are currently testing AZD6244 in HCC patients with less severe disease, i.e. moderate liver dysfunction, and also in association with sorafenib (Table 1).TARGETING PATHWAYTHEPI3K/AKT/MTORprofile of temsirolimus in combination with sorafenib (Table 1). Taken to.
