Gation. Colonoscopy was performed employing a versatile digital ureteroscope on the day 7 of DSS therapy. To get a complete description, see SI Components and Solutions. BM Chimeric Mice. Mice receiving BM transfer had been irradiated (900 radiation absorbed dose) Apical Sodium-Dependent Bile Acid Transporter Molecular Weight immediately just before transplantation. BM was harvested from femurs and tibias of 4-wk-old SAMP or AKR mice. To get a complete description, see SI Supplies and Techniques. Myeloperoxidase Assay Activity. Colon samples had been assayed for myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity as previously described (31, 32). To get a full description, see SI Supplies and Solutions. Salmonella Infection Assays. Salmonella infection assays have been performed as previously described (9). For a complete description, see SI Components and Solutions. Salmonella Infection in Vivo. SAMP and AKR control mice (4 wk) had been infected with Salmonella for 2 d. For any complete description, see SI Components and Approaches. Statistical Analysis. Analyses of continuous data had been conducted utilizing parametric Student t tests, one-way or two-way ANOVAs, or linear regression (when proper), or their nonparametric alternatives. For a full description, see SI Components and Solutions. ErbB2/HER2 MedChemExpress ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. We thank Prof. Maria Grazia Cifone (University of L’Aquila) for scientific assistance; Dr. Marcello Chieppa for help with bone marrow chimeric mice; Dr. Amitabh Chak for enable using the mouse colonoscopy; and Li-Guo Jia, Mitchell Guanzon, Dennis Gruszka, Sarah Kossak, Lindsey Kaydo, and Homer Craig for their technical help. This function was supported by National Institutes of Overall health Grants DK091222 (to F.C.), DK055812 (to F.C.), DK042191 (to F.C. and T.T.P.), and DK082437 (to C.M.), as well because the Howard Hughes Medical Institute “Med into Grad” Initiative.1. Gutierrez O, et al. (2002) Induction of Nod2 in myelomonocytic and intestinal epithelial cells by way of nuclear factor-kappa B activation. J Biol Chem 277(44):417011705. 2. Girardin SE, et al. (2003) Nod2 can be a general sensor of peptidoglycan by means of muramyl dipeptide (MDP) detection. J Biol Chem 278(11):8869872. 3. Inohara N, et al. (2003) Host recognition of bacterial muramyl dipeptide mediated by means of NOD2. Implications for Crohn’s illness. J Biol Chem 278(eight):5509512. four. Inohara N, Nu z G (2003) NODs: Intracellular proteins involved in inflammation and apoptosis. Nat Rev Immunol 3(5):37182. five. Kim JY, Omori E, Matsumoto K, N��ez G, Ninomiya-Tsuji J (2008) TAK1 can be a central mediator of NOD2 signaling in epidermal cells. J Biol Chem 283(1):13744. six. Park JH, et al. (2007) RICK/RIP2 mediates innate immune responses induced via Nod1 and Nod2 but not TLRs. J Immunol 178(4):2380386. 7. Wagner CS, Cresswell P (2012) TLR and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor signals differentially regulate exogenous antigen presentation. J Immunol 188(two): 68693. eight. Cooney R, et al. (2010) NOD2 stimulation induces autophagy in dendritic cells influencing bacterial handling and antigen presentation. Nat Med 16(1):907. 9. Homer CR, Richmond AL, Rebert NA, Achkar JP, McDonald C (2010) ATG16L1 and NOD2 interact in an autophagy-dependent antibacterial pathway implicated in Crohn’s disease pathogenesis. Gastroenterology 139(five):1630641. ten. Hampe J, et al. (2001) Association between insertion mutation in NOD2 gene and Crohn’s illness in German and British populations. Lancet 357(9272):1925928. 11. Hugot JP, et al. (2001) Association of NOD2 leucine-rich repeat variants with susceptibility to Crohn’s disease. Nature 411(6837):59903. 12. Ogu.
