Eplicates. testing the the foamed binders, the had had protected from
Eplicates. testing the the foamed binders, the had had protected from spontaneous bursts in the Whilst testingfoamed binders, the DSR DSR to beto be protected from spontaneous bursts offoamed bitumen, which werewere discovered to be occurring at temperatures exceedingC due the foamed bitumen, which discovered to be occurring at temperatures exceeding 130 130 to a very extremely testing geometry gap (Figure 4b). This phenomenon also inhibited the on account of a smallsmall testing geometry gap (Figure 4b). This phenomenon also inhibited Materials 2021, 14, x FOR PEER Review 8 of testing of foamed binders at at temperatures in excess of C. The dynamic viscosity meathe testing of foamed binders temperatures in excess of 145145 . The dynamic viscosity18 surements were conducted at at a 1/s shear rate in the highest the lowest temperature. measurements were carried out a 1/s shear price from the highest toto the lowest temperature.(a)(b)Figure 4. TA Instruments DHR-2 rheometer: (a) the device; (b) a defending cover in case of spontaFigure 4. TA Instruments DHR-2 rheometer: (a) the device; (b) a protecting cover in case of spontaneous bursts of foamed bitumen. neous bursts of foamed bitumen.2.three.4. Fourier-Transform 2.3.4. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectrometric Evaluation In Within this study, attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) specstudy, attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) troscopy was made use of to to evaluate the composition the foamed binders. Thermospectroscopy was JNJ-42253432 Autophagy utilised evaluate the composition ofof the foamedbinders. The ThermoScientific Nicolet iS five FTIR Spectrometer (Waltham, MA, USA) as well as the PIKE Technologies Scientific Nicolet iS five FTIR Spectrometer (Waltham, MA, USA) and also the PIKE Technologies GladiATR (Madison, WI, USA) attenuated total reflectance accessory having a diamond GladiATR (Madison, WI, USA) attenuated total reflectance accessory with a diamond window was utilized. The bitumen samples after foaming had been poured into 1 dm3 glass containers, reheated at 140 for 2 h, and homogenized for uniform distribution of water through the very first stages of cooling at area temperature. The testing was carried out three days after foaming. Samples had been transferred onto the ATR crystal mechanically, without having re-Materials 2021, 14,eight ofwindow was applied. The bitumen samples after foaming had been poured into 1 dm3 glass containers, reheated at 140 C for 2 h, and homogenized for uniform distribution of water for the duration of the initial stages of cooling at space temperature. The testing was carried out 3 days following foaming. Samples were transferred onto the ATR crystal mechanically, with no reheating. 3 diverse samples of each and every binder had been tested, and also the potential effects of foaming on the binders’ chemical composition, especially as a result of oxidative aging, were measured by evaluating the formation of sulfoxide and carbonyl compounds [73]. Furthermore, the presence of elastomeric additives was investigated in their certain absorption bands. The quantitative evaluation on the talked about compounds was carried out by calculating normalized indices as offered in Table 4. The regions beneath the respective peaks had been computed by the popular tangent baseline system as proposed within the IEM-1460 Autophagy operate of [74].Table four. Structural indices calculated for the bituminous binders [750]. Structural Index Sulfoxide Carbonyl Polybutadiene Polystyrene Vinyl Characteristic Peak Wave Quantity (cm-1 ) 1030 1700 966 699 990, 910 Chemical Index Expression: IS=O = IC=O = IPB = IP.
