Salmonella Serotyping by Entire Genome Sequencing). Within the maximum likelihood (ML
Salmonella Serotyping by Complete Genome Sequencing). Within the maximum likelihood (ML) phylogeny, the S. houtenae str. 20-369 clustered with other S. houtenae strains, plus the S. houtenae strains formed a well-supported monophyletic clade with higher bootstrap worth (Figure 1a). Within a subtree (Figure 1b), the S. houtenae str. 20-369 clustered with the seven S. houtenae 45:g,z51:- strains with 97 sequence identity.Antibiotics 2021, 10,five ofFigure 1. Cont.Antibiotics 2021, ten,six ofFigure 1. Phylogenetic analysis of 30 complete genomes of Salmonella spp., like strain 20-369, working with SNP analysis. (a) The phylogeny was rooted at midpoint. (b) The phylogeny of Salmonella enterica subsp. houtenae strains. The scale bars show the amount of substitutions per web page. The numerical values represent 1000 bootstrap replicate values above 0.9.The percentage of detected pseudogene candidates was 5.75 (244 of 4241). For Salmonella, pseudogene accumulation has been regarded as a signature of host-specific pathogenic bacteria (S. Dublin with 289 pseudogenes) as when compared with their host-generalist relatives (S. Enteritidis with 111 pseudogenes) [29]. When comparing the percentage of pseudogenes normalized towards the total ORFs, our isolate consists of five.7 of pseudogenes. Similarly, S. Dublin that is bovine-adapted possess a pseudogene content of about 5.7 , as well as other narrow-host-range Salmonella serovars like S. Choleraesuis (pigs), S. Typhi (humans), S. Gallinarum, and Pullorum (birds) showed a higher percentage of Pseudogenes (6.5.six ) in other study [30]. For that reason, readily available information and our results further support host-adaptation of S. houtenae to reptile. three.two. Antibiotic Resistance S. houtenae str. 20-369 was susceptible to all antibiotics tested except streptomycin (aminoglycosides) and carries the aac(six )-Iaa gene which can be a chromosomal-encoded aminoglycoside six N-acetyltransferase plus a point mutation T57S inside the parC gene, but mutations have been not observed in gyrA, gyrB, or parE genes. In relation towards the antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella, you will discover few data regarding the antimicrobial resistance of S. houtenae compared with S. enterica subspecies enterica. It has been observed that S. houtenae strain isolated from reptiles have resistance to antimicrobials, two S. houtenae isolates from gecko resistant to ampicillin or tetracycline [31] and S. houtenae 45:g,z51:- isolated from healthier captive bred female veiled chameleons resistant to streptomycin [32]. In the earlier study of the complete genome analysis of S. houtenae [14], the isolate shows the susceptible Scaffold Library Shipping phenotype to all antimicrobials tested but carries the antimicrobial resistance gene related with aminoglycoside resistance (Aac6-Iaa_AGly), which it may very well be under-expressed. In our study, phenotypic antimicrobial resistance was concordant with genotypic antimicrobial resistance for streptomycin butAntibiotics 2021, 10,7 ofnot for quinolone. It has been reported that the mutations inside the parC will not be critical for quinolone resistance, however it can Moveltipril Autophagy result in a higher amount of fluoroquinolone resistance [33]. 3.three. Genomic Islands (GI) and Salmonella Pathogenicity Islands (SPI) A total of 46 GIs, designated as GI-1 to GI-46, were predicted employing SIGIHMM, IslandPick and IslandPath-DIMOB (Figure two, Table S2). By comparing the sequence-based similarity of your genomes applying an all-against-all BLAST comparison, we identified six novel islands (GI-19, GI-21, GI-22, GI-24, GI-36, and GI-46) observed only in the com.
