Propensity .Social influences to smoke had been assessed by asking about how many smokers live at home and how numerous of 4 greatest pals smoke; both had been recoded into any versus none.Sociodemographic products included gender, race, ethnicity, and grade level.Race was coded to evaluate AfricanAmerican students versus all other races and ethnicity was coded to examine Hispanic students to nonHispanic students regardless of race.All analyses incorporated an indicator for whether or not the baseline data came from or .Crosssectional analysiserrors had been PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21331946 made use of for the reason that there were only seven schools in the analysis.Longitudinal analysisHGLMs have been used to test regardless of whether brand recognition at baseline predicted smoking initiation at followup.3 models were estimated to examine recognition separately for each brand.Every single model was adjusted for all covariates integrated inside the crosssectional analyses.Baseline smoking status was not a covariate since the longitudinal cohort was comprised of only never ever smokers at baseline.All HGLM analyses have been performed making use of HLM.ResultsStore observationsTobacco retailers contained an average of .exterior ads (SD ) and .interior ads (SD ) for cigarettes.On average, the proportion of cigarette ads that featured a menthol brand (menthol share of voice) was .(SD ), which was greater than the typical for the state (.(SD ) .The proportion of retailers with any exterior ads for the three brands examined within the schoolbased surveys was .for Camel menthol, .for Marlboro nonmenthol, and .for Newport.The proportion of stores with any interior ad for these brands was .for Camel menthol, .for Marlboro nonmenthol, and .for Newport.Crosssectional sampleThree hierarchical generalized linear models (HGLMs) have been estimated to examine recognition for each and every of 3 cigarette brands though accounting for clustering of students inside schools.In each and every model the intercept randomly varied across the seven study schools and population typical estimates were computed.The model adjusted for smoking status, buying frequency, other threat variables for smoking, and sociodemographics.To facilitate interpretation, shopping frequency and risktaking propensity have been standardized, but GPA and unsupervised days following school have been not.Covariates had been fixed and nonrobust standardTable describes the crosssectional sample and longitudinal cohort.The racialethnic distribution with the sample reflects the student population within the school district in the time of information collection .At baseline, the prevalence of ever smoking for the complete sample was , which was greater than prevalence estimates for California th graders in statewide schoolbased surveys .Amongst AfricanAmerican students, the prevalence of ever smoking was and amongst other students it was , which was not considerably unique (p ).On average, students reported visiting retailers Sakuranetin Purity nearly 4 instances per week (SD ) and AfricanAmerican students reported much more frequent visits compared to nonAfrican Americans (p ).Smoking at house also differed by race and ethnicity.The prevalence of at the least a single smoker at home was higher amongst AfricanAmerican students than among other people (.vs. p ); the prevalence of residence smoking was lower amongst Hispanic students than among nonHispanics (.vs p ).At baseline, the proportion of students who reported having observed the ads was for Camel, for Marlboro, and for Newport.Fewer students couldDauphinee et al.BMC Public Wellness , www.biomedcentral.comPage ofTable Sample traits of crossse.
