Ctional sample at baseline and in no way smokers at followup, Vallejo, CACharacteristics at baseline Crosssectional analysis (n ,) Variable n Sociodemographics Gender (Male) Race African American AsianPacific Islander White Other Ethnicity (Hispanic) Grade level Baseline survey year Retail tobacco marketing and advertising exposure Shopping frequency (visits per week) Brand recognition Camel (menthol) Marlboro Newport (menthol) Other danger variables for smoking Gradepoint typical Unsupervised days immediately after school Risktaking propensity A minimum of smoker at residence At the very least pal smokes Ever smoked, at least a puff . . . … . . . ..Excluded from analysis .. . …. . .. …… ….. … .. ……Sample or M (SD) Longitudinal evaluation (n ,) Variable n Sample or M (SD)Note Buying frequency is sum of visits per week for three shop sorts (comfort, smaller marketplace, and liquor).offer the brand name for Camel, for Marlboro, and for Newport.As shown in Figure , a considerably greater proportion of African Americans recognized the Newport brand than other students.Conversely, a considerably smaller proportion of African American students recognized Marlboro than other students.After adjusting for shopping frequency, other danger factors for smoking, and sociodemographics, the association of race and brand recognition persisted.The odds of recognizing the Newport brand was three occasions higher for AfricanAmerican students than other students (OR CI p ) whilst AfricanAmerican students were substantially less probably than other individuals to recognize the Marlboro brand (OR CI p ).There had been no significant racial variations in recognition in the Camel brand.Hispanic students were much less most likely than other people to recognize Newport (OR CI p ).Other substantial predictors of recognition for all three brands were living having a smoker and risktaking propensity.Moreover, older students and people that had ever smoked had been extra most likely to recognize Newport and Camel (information not shown).Longitudinal cohortNever smokers who were lost to followup had been much more likely to be boys (.vs .; p ), Hispanic (.vs .; p ), younger (grade level .vsDauphinee et al.BMC Guanidinobiotin Technical Information Public Wellness , www.biomedcentral.comPage of…………Camel Marlboro Newport ….African American All other racesFigure Brand recognition by AfricanAmerican students versus all other races.chisquare test p .Note Values are observed.; p ), and to report reduce grades (GPA .vs .; p ) and much more shop visits (.vs .; p ).African American youth have been not extra probably than other races to be lost to followup.No differences had been observed for the other covariates, like household smoking, peer smoking, unsupervised days immediately after school, or risktaking propensity.Furthermore, never smokers PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21331628 who have been lost to followup didn’t differ in the evaluation sample on brand recognition measures (Camel p Marlboro p Newport p ).The incidence of smoking initiation at followup was and a greater proportion of AfricanAmerican students initiated smoking than other students (vs ; p ).In an unadjusted HGLM, recognition of Newport predicted smoking initiation (p ) but neither Camel nor Marlboro recognition had a significant partnership with smoking initiation (p .and p respectively; information not shown).Table presents the odds ratios and self-confidence intervals from 3 HGLMs predicting smoking initiation.Each and every model features a brandspecific predictor for recognition and is adjusted for all variables listed in the table.The odds of smoking i.
