NdAuthor Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptAnn N Y Acad Sci. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2016 July 01.Wahlqvist et al.Pageshow that these interventions improve long-term health outcomes for both mothers and children. Urban adolescent fitness for the next generation Fitness goes beyond appearance or athletic ability. It is adaptive and expresses the physiological status of an individual and, in distinction to “health” is measurable. Examples of measures of physical fitness are cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular endurance and strength, body composition, and flexibility.95 Among these cardiorespiratory fitness is an important indicator of health and cardiometabolic risk in children and adolescents.96 In his second talk, Nico Rizzo discussed the latest brief on fitness among U.S. youth aged 12?5 years released by the National Center for Health Statistics,97 which reported that adequate fitness levels of cardiorespiratory fitness decreased from 52.4 in 1999?000 to 42.2 in 2012, a 20 decrease in one decade. Overweight and obese children had substantially lower levels of cardiorespiratory fitness compared to normal-weight youth,97 related to the fact that approximately 30 of children age 6?1 are overweight and 15 are obese, with similar prevalences among adolescents age 12?9: 30 overweight, 16 obese.98 These developments demand integrative interventions that can reverse these negative Avermectin B1a web trends and equip a new generation of urban adolescents with the necessary conditions for improving their fitness and health. Longer duration and higher intensity of physical activity result in improved cardiorespiratory fitness.96 Rizzo argued that interventions and programs should address the need for safe local places and sufficient time for urban adolescents to pursue physical activities that will develop and improve their fitness. Such programs should include school curricula with regular physical activity classes adapted to the needs of all students, focusing on activities that improve cardiovascular fitness more than once per week. Urban planning and community initiatives must include “green zones” and parks that provide spaces for play and exercise, safe pedestrian and bicycle paths that allow for physical activity on the go, with events that ignite and foster the fun of physical activity on a community scale. Sweden and other countries have implemented policies that facilitate safe physical activity and mobility in urban environments. Cities such as Curitiba, Brazil and Austin, Texas and many others including the EPODE program7 mentioned in Dr. Wahlqvist’s presentation, are focusing on livability in modern urban centers. However, to be successful in improving the fitness of a new generation of urban adolescents, any initiative should make the POR-8 site healthy choice the easier or natural choice to make, even for those that are disadvantaged.Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptSummary and review: diabesity in 2015–healthy habits and possible policiesProblems Maladaptive mechanisms–Human evolution has qualitatively and quantitatively favored physiologic homeostatic mechanisms for detecting, assimilating, and storing nutrients, which, in the preindustrial era, was offset by the exertion of obtaining, producing, processing, and preserving nutrients. The transition from foraging to agriculture increasedAnn N Y Acad Sci. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2016 July 01.Wahlqvist et al.P.NdAuthor Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptAnn N Y Acad Sci. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2016 July 01.Wahlqvist et al.Pageshow that these interventions improve long-term health outcomes for both mothers and children. Urban adolescent fitness for the next generation Fitness goes beyond appearance or athletic ability. It is adaptive and expresses the physiological status of an individual and, in distinction to “health” is measurable. Examples of measures of physical fitness are cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular endurance and strength, body composition, and flexibility.95 Among these cardiorespiratory fitness is an important indicator of health and cardiometabolic risk in children and adolescents.96 In his second talk, Nico Rizzo discussed the latest brief on fitness among U.S. youth aged 12?5 years released by the National Center for Health Statistics,97 which reported that adequate fitness levels of cardiorespiratory fitness decreased from 52.4 in 1999?000 to 42.2 in 2012, a 20 decrease in one decade. Overweight and obese children had substantially lower levels of cardiorespiratory fitness compared to normal-weight youth,97 related to the fact that approximately 30 of children age 6?1 are overweight and 15 are obese, with similar prevalences among adolescents age 12?9: 30 overweight, 16 obese.98 These developments demand integrative interventions that can reverse these negative trends and equip a new generation of urban adolescents with the necessary conditions for improving their fitness and health. Longer duration and higher intensity of physical activity result in improved cardiorespiratory fitness.96 Rizzo argued that interventions and programs should address the need for safe local places and sufficient time for urban adolescents to pursue physical activities that will develop and improve their fitness. Such programs should include school curricula with regular physical activity classes adapted to the needs of all students, focusing on activities that improve cardiovascular fitness more than once per week. Urban planning and community initiatives must include “green zones” and parks that provide spaces for play and exercise, safe pedestrian and bicycle paths that allow for physical activity on the go, with events that ignite and foster the fun of physical activity on a community scale. Sweden and other countries have implemented policies that facilitate safe physical activity and mobility in urban environments. Cities such as Curitiba, Brazil and Austin, Texas and many others including the EPODE program7 mentioned in Dr. Wahlqvist’s presentation, are focusing on livability in modern urban centers. However, to be successful in improving the fitness of a new generation of urban adolescents, any initiative should make the healthy choice the easier or natural choice to make, even for those that are disadvantaged.Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptSummary and review: diabesity in 2015–healthy habits and possible policiesProblems Maladaptive mechanisms–Human evolution has qualitatively and quantitatively favored physiologic homeostatic mechanisms for detecting, assimilating, and storing nutrients, which, in the preindustrial era, was offset by the exertion of obtaining, producing, processing, and preserving nutrients. The transition from foraging to agriculture increasedAnn N Y Acad Sci. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2016 July 01.Wahlqvist et al.P.
