Ed between 42 different items on five different subscales (scored 0?), e.g., unrealistic expectations (patient personal qualities), deficiencies in therapeutic commitment (therapist personal qualities), inflexible use of therapeutic techniques (errors in technique), poor therapeutic relationship (patient-therapist interaction), and poor match (global session ratings). Albeit highly ambitious and theory driven [35], the initial evaluation only consisted of two samples of 10 and 18 patients, and the internal consistencies and interrater reliability revealed great irregularity [36]. As for their relationship with treatment outcome, errors in technique showed the strongest association, although the results seemed to vary between treatment modalities and few correlations remained significant after partialling out the effect of the other subscales. Also, with the exception for a limited number of psychodynamic GSK089 custom synthesis psychotherapy studies [37, 38], the VNIS never became popular by researchers or therapists. Other instruments have been proposed since then, such as, the Experiences of Therapy Questionnaire (ETQ) [39]. A principal component analysis was used on data from 716 patients undergoing or having prior experiences of being in psychological treatment, revealing a rotated solution of five components explaining 53.4 of the variance. Of the original 103 items that were generated, 63 were retained (scored 1?), e.g., “My therapist doesn’t seem to understand what I want to get out of therapy” (Item 11). The components included such areas as negative therapist (e.g., lack of empathy), pre-occupying therapy (e.g., purchase JNJ-54781532 feeling alienated), beneficial therapy (e.g., increased insight), idealization of therapist (e.g., feeling dependent on the therapist), and passive therapist (e.g., inexperienced therapist) [40]. The components were subsequently related to different sociodemographic variables, type of psychological treatment, frequency of sessions, and reasons for entering and discontinuing therapy, indicating that younger patients terminated early on because the therapist was too passive or unable to solve any problems, and that many patients believed their therapy was ineffective. Albeit using a large and heterogeneous sample in terms of psychiatric disorders and treatment modalities, the generation of items was not entirely clear and included both negative and positive effects, rather than providing an instrument that solely investigates adverse or unwanted events. Furthermore, all comparisons were made post hoc and not according to any initial hypotheses, increasing the risk of obtaining spurious findings. Linden [41], on the other hand, presented a different approach to examining negative effects, the Unwanted to Adverse Treatment Reaction (UE-ATR) checklist, a therapist-administered instrument for assessing a wide range of potential adverse and unwanted effects, for instance, lack of clear treatment results, prolongation of treatment, and non-compliance of the patient. The therapist is also supposed to determine how the negative effects were linked to the psychological treatment using a five-step scale ranging from unrelated to related, and an evaluation of their severity level, e.g., mild, moderate, and severe. Conceptually, the UE-ATR resembles the VNIS in that the negative effects can involve different areas of life, not only deterioration of symptomatology, and that the relationship with treatment is not always clear. However, as stated by Linden an.Ed between 42 different items on five different subscales (scored 0?), e.g., unrealistic expectations (patient personal qualities), deficiencies in therapeutic commitment (therapist personal qualities), inflexible use of therapeutic techniques (errors in technique), poor therapeutic relationship (patient-therapist interaction), and poor match (global session ratings). Albeit highly ambitious and theory driven [35], the initial evaluation only consisted of two samples of 10 and 18 patients, and the internal consistencies and interrater reliability revealed great irregularity [36]. As for their relationship with treatment outcome, errors in technique showed the strongest association, although the results seemed to vary between treatment modalities and few correlations remained significant after partialling out the effect of the other subscales. Also, with the exception for a limited number of psychodynamic psychotherapy studies [37, 38], the VNIS never became popular by researchers or therapists. Other instruments have been proposed since then, such as, the Experiences of Therapy Questionnaire (ETQ) [39]. A principal component analysis was used on data from 716 patients undergoing or having prior experiences of being in psychological treatment, revealing a rotated solution of five components explaining 53.4 of the variance. Of the original 103 items that were generated, 63 were retained (scored 1?), e.g., “My therapist doesn’t seem to understand what I want to get out of therapy” (Item 11). The components included such areas as negative therapist (e.g., lack of empathy), pre-occupying therapy (e.g., feeling alienated), beneficial therapy (e.g., increased insight), idealization of therapist (e.g., feeling dependent on the therapist), and passive therapist (e.g., inexperienced therapist) [40]. The components were subsequently related to different sociodemographic variables, type of psychological treatment, frequency of sessions, and reasons for entering and discontinuing therapy, indicating that younger patients terminated early on because the therapist was too passive or unable to solve any problems, and that many patients believed their therapy was ineffective. Albeit using a large and heterogeneous sample in terms of psychiatric disorders and treatment modalities, the generation of items was not entirely clear and included both negative and positive effects, rather than providing an instrument that solely investigates adverse or unwanted events. Furthermore, all comparisons were made post hoc and not according to any initial hypotheses, increasing the risk of obtaining spurious findings. Linden [41], on the other hand, presented a different approach to examining negative effects, the Unwanted to Adverse Treatment Reaction (UE-ATR) checklist, a therapist-administered instrument for assessing a wide range of potential adverse and unwanted effects, for instance, lack of clear treatment results, prolongation of treatment, and non-compliance of the patient. The therapist is also supposed to determine how the negative effects were linked to the psychological treatment using a five-step scale ranging from unrelated to related, and an evaluation of their severity level, e.g., mild, moderate, and severe. Conceptually, the UE-ATR resembles the VNIS in that the negative effects can involve different areas of life, not only deterioration of symptomatology, and that the relationship with treatment is not always clear. However, as stated by Linden an.
