Ossessed longer extensions. Quantification of time-lapse recordings revealed that cells moved much more slowly through the gels if p114RhoGEF had been depleted (Fig. 5D, Movies S4, S5, S6). Depletion ofFigure 3. Rac activation in response to p114RhoGEF depletion in MDA-MB-231 cells. (A) MDA-MB-231 cells were transfected with the indicated siRNAs and the levels of active Rac were determined using a G-LISA assay 72 hours after transfection. Shown are means 6 1SD, n = 6. The numbers were normalized to control siRNA transfections. (B,C) Cells that had been transfected with siRNAs as in panel A were fixed and processed for immunofluorescence using an antibody specific for active Rac1 and fluorescent phalloidin. The intensity of the active Rac1 staining was quantified using image J. Panel C shows means 6 1SD of three experiments (in each experiment, at least 5 fields were analyzed). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050188.gCortical Myosin Regulation and Cell MigrationFigure 4. Matrix-dependence of p114RhoGEF-regulated migration. MDA-MB-231 cells were plated on the indicated 2D matrices and migration was analyzed by time-lapse microscopy as in figure 2 for 5 hours. In panels B and C, the cells had been transfected with the indicated siRNAs. All quantifications show means 6 1SD of four different fields (12 cells were tracked for each field). Note, only migration on collagen and Matrigel is p114RhoGEF-dependent. Bar, 30 mm. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050188.gGEF-H1 again revealed no clear effect on cell morphology and a more modest inhibition of locomotion. To test whether inhibition of MMPs affects p114RhoGEFdependent invasion, we repeated the assays in the presence of GM6001. The MMP inhibitor had only a modest effect on locomotion of MDA-MB-231 cells in Matrigel. If p114RhoGEF had been depleted, cells moved more than 50 slower than the respective control siRNA transfected cells. Hence, 1531364 p114RhoGEFdependent locomotion in a 3D Matrigel matrix is not MMPdependent. This indicates that p114RhoGEF drives amoeboid movement during invasion.p114RhoGEF Entospletinib supplier stimulates Cortical Myosin Activation in Tumor CellsDuring junction formation and collective cell migration, p114RhoGEF forms a complex with myosin IIA and stimulates its junctional activation as visualized by staining for double phosphorylated MLC (Fig. 1) [17]. Hence, we tested whetherp114RhoGEF associates with and stimulates myosin in single cells. Figure 5A demonstrates that p114RhoGEF, myosin IIA, and ROCKII indeed co-immunoprecipitated from MDA-MB-231 cells, indicating that they form a complex in migrating single cells and, hence, that the Rho GEF is likely to stimulate myosin activation. This was further supported by immunoblotting results that indicated that p114RhoGEF depletion led to a strong reduction in double phosphorylation of MLC (Fig. 6B). Single phosphorylation of MLC was not detectably affected, suggesting that p114RhoGEF stimulates specifically double phosphorylation of MLC. We next stained MDA-MB-231 cells with antibodies specific for double phosphorylated MLC and fluorescent phalloidin. Figure 6C shows that the antibody stained the cell cortex strongly along with some perinuclear staining. Cortical staining was observed on all matrices including Matrigel, fibronectin as well as 3D Matrigel. If p114RhoGEF was depleted, the strong cortical staining disappeared almost completely whereas the perinuclear staining remained at a similar level as in control cells. GEF-H1 GLPG0634 depletionCortical Myosin Reg.Ossessed longer extensions. Quantification of time-lapse recordings revealed that cells moved much more slowly through the gels if p114RhoGEF had been depleted (Fig. 5D, Movies S4, S5, S6). Depletion ofFigure 3. Rac activation in response to p114RhoGEF depletion in MDA-MB-231 cells. (A) MDA-MB-231 cells were transfected with the indicated siRNAs and the levels of active Rac were determined using a G-LISA assay 72 hours after transfection. Shown are means 6 1SD, n = 6. The numbers were normalized to control siRNA transfections. (B,C) Cells that had been transfected with siRNAs as in panel A were fixed and processed for immunofluorescence using an antibody specific for active Rac1 and fluorescent phalloidin. The intensity of the active Rac1 staining was quantified using image J. Panel C shows means 6 1SD of three experiments (in each experiment, at least 5 fields were analyzed). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050188.gCortical Myosin Regulation and Cell MigrationFigure 4. Matrix-dependence of p114RhoGEF-regulated migration. MDA-MB-231 cells were plated on the indicated 2D matrices and migration was analyzed by time-lapse microscopy as in figure 2 for 5 hours. In panels B and C, the cells had been transfected with the indicated siRNAs. All quantifications show means 6 1SD of four different fields (12 cells were tracked for each field). Note, only migration on collagen and Matrigel is p114RhoGEF-dependent. Bar, 30 mm. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050188.gGEF-H1 again revealed no clear effect on cell morphology and a more modest inhibition of locomotion. To test whether inhibition of MMPs affects p114RhoGEFdependent invasion, we repeated the assays in the presence of GM6001. The MMP inhibitor had only a modest effect on locomotion of MDA-MB-231 cells in Matrigel. If p114RhoGEF had been depleted, cells moved more than 50 slower than the respective control siRNA transfected cells. Hence, 1531364 p114RhoGEFdependent locomotion in a 3D Matrigel matrix is not MMPdependent. This indicates that p114RhoGEF drives amoeboid movement during invasion.p114RhoGEF Stimulates Cortical Myosin Activation in Tumor CellsDuring junction formation and collective cell migration, p114RhoGEF forms a complex with myosin IIA and stimulates its junctional activation as visualized by staining for double phosphorylated MLC (Fig. 1) [17]. Hence, we tested whetherp114RhoGEF associates with and stimulates myosin in single cells. Figure 5A demonstrates that p114RhoGEF, myosin IIA, and ROCKII indeed co-immunoprecipitated from MDA-MB-231 cells, indicating that they form a complex in migrating single cells and, hence, that the Rho GEF is likely to stimulate myosin activation. This was further supported by immunoblotting results that indicated that p114RhoGEF depletion led to a strong reduction in double phosphorylation of MLC (Fig. 6B). Single phosphorylation of MLC was not detectably affected, suggesting that p114RhoGEF stimulates specifically double phosphorylation of MLC. We next stained MDA-MB-231 cells with antibodies specific for double phosphorylated MLC and fluorescent phalloidin. Figure 6C shows that the antibody stained the cell cortex strongly along with some perinuclear staining. Cortical staining was observed on all matrices including Matrigel, fibronectin as well as 3D Matrigel. If p114RhoGEF was depleted, the strong cortical staining disappeared almost completely whereas the perinuclear staining remained at a similar level as in control cells. GEF-H1 depletionCortical Myosin Reg.
