The mean Hb concentrations were (mean6SD) 7.7361.97 g/dl and 7.8562.03 g/dl, respectively (p = 0.5584). Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study Bromopyruvic acid chemical information participants are shown in table 1. Eighty percent (144/180) of the children had iron stores deficiency on the basis of bone marrow iron content. Sixty six per cent (119/180) had moderate anaemia, 25 (45/180) had severe anaemia and 9 (16/180) had very severe anaemia. An inflammatory process defined by a CRP 1 mg/dl was detected in 88 (155/176) of the study participants. Forty four per cent (74/170) of children had P. falciparum infection and 43 (73/170) had clinical malaria. An EBV infection was detected in 31 (56/180) of the children, PVB19 was found in 8 (15/180), 24 (40/164) were HIV positive and 8 (13/173) had bacteraemia. Seventy eight per cent (32/41) of the children were a-thalassaemia carriers.Iron Deficiency Assessment with Iron MarkersPrevalence of iron stores deficiency by the different markers according to their internationally accepted normal levels is shown in table 2. The proportion of children classified as iron 18325633 deficient ranged from 1 using plasma transferrin or ferritin by age, to 77 using transferrin saturation. When plasma ferritin was used, the prevalence of ID was 1 , 9 and 12 , depending on whether age, CRP levels or none of them were considered, respectively. TIBC was associated with the lowest ID prevalence after plasma ferritin and transferrin (Table 2). Table 3 shows the sensitivity and specificity of the different iron markers using the internationally accepted cut-off values and iron content in the bone marrow as reference. The iron markers with the lowest sensitivities were plasma ferritin (15 , 11 when combined with CRP, and 1 when combined with age), transferrin (1 ) and TIBC (17 ). TfR-F index and MCHC had lower sensitivities (42 and 51 , respectively) than specificities (91 and 71 , respectively), while sTfR, TfR-F index by CRP, plasma iron and transferrin saturation had higher sensitivities (83 , 75 , 70 and 81 ) than specificities (50 , 56 , 54 and 40 , respectively), and all four parameters showed the highest accuracies (76 , 71 , 66 and 73 , respectively). The AUCROC for each marker are shown in Table 4. Ferritin, transferrin, sTfR, TfR-F index, transferrin saturation and TIBC had significantly higher AUCROC than 0.5. Among them, sTfR and TfR-F index showed AUCROC 0.75 (0.75 and 0.76 respectively) (Fig. 1), thus ROC curves from these two markers were used to explore new cut-off values with maximal sensitivity to identify ID. For sTfR the ROC curve showed no better cut-off than the current one of 1.76, which Calcitonin (salmon) already had a sensitivity of 83 and a specificity of 50 . The ROC curve for TfR-F index showed that a cut-off of 0.86 instead of the current one of 1.5 (43 change) increased the sensitivity from 42 to 78 and theStatistical AnalysisThe prevalence of iron stores deficiency diagnosed by each marker was estimated as the percentage of children with a value of that marker outside the internationally accepted normal range. The classification of ID by each marker was compared with the classification obtained using the “gold standard” (iron content in the bone marrow) to determine sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of each of them. To visualize the efficacy of each marker to detect ID, Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curves were constructed and the areas under the resulting ROC curves (AUCROC) were calculated [46].The mean Hb concentrations were (mean6SD) 7.7361.97 g/dl and 7.8562.03 g/dl, respectively (p = 0.5584). Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study participants are shown in table 1. Eighty percent (144/180) of the children had iron stores deficiency on the basis of bone marrow iron content. Sixty six per cent (119/180) had moderate anaemia, 25 (45/180) had severe anaemia and 9 (16/180) had very severe anaemia. An inflammatory process defined by a CRP 1 mg/dl was detected in 88 (155/176) of the study participants. Forty four per cent (74/170) of children had P. falciparum infection and 43 (73/170) had clinical malaria. An EBV infection was detected in 31 (56/180) of the children, PVB19 was found in 8 (15/180), 24 (40/164) were HIV positive and 8 (13/173) had bacteraemia. Seventy eight per cent (32/41) of the children were a-thalassaemia carriers.Iron Deficiency Assessment with Iron MarkersPrevalence of iron stores deficiency by the different markers according to their internationally accepted normal levels is shown in table 2. The proportion of children classified as iron 18325633 deficient ranged from 1 using plasma transferrin or ferritin by age, to 77 using transferrin saturation. When plasma ferritin was used, the prevalence of ID was 1 , 9 and 12 , depending on whether age, CRP levels or none of them were considered, respectively. TIBC was associated with the lowest ID prevalence after plasma ferritin and transferrin (Table 2). Table 3 shows the sensitivity and specificity of the different iron markers using the internationally accepted cut-off values and iron content in the bone marrow as reference. The iron markers with the lowest sensitivities were plasma ferritin (15 , 11 when combined with CRP, and 1 when combined with age), transferrin (1 ) and TIBC (17 ). TfR-F index and MCHC had lower sensitivities (42 and 51 , respectively) than specificities (91 and 71 , respectively), while sTfR, TfR-F index by CRP, plasma iron and transferrin saturation had higher sensitivities (83 , 75 , 70 and 81 ) than specificities (50 , 56 , 54 and 40 , respectively), and all four parameters showed the highest accuracies (76 , 71 , 66 and 73 , respectively). The AUCROC for each marker are shown in Table 4. Ferritin, transferrin, sTfR, TfR-F index, transferrin saturation and TIBC had significantly higher AUCROC than 0.5. Among them, sTfR and TfR-F index showed AUCROC 0.75 (0.75 and 0.76 respectively) (Fig. 1), thus ROC curves from these two markers were used to explore new cut-off values with maximal sensitivity to identify ID. For sTfR the ROC curve showed no better cut-off than the current one of 1.76, which already had a sensitivity of 83 and a specificity of 50 . The ROC curve for TfR-F index showed that a cut-off of 0.86 instead of the current one of 1.5 (43 change) increased the sensitivity from 42 to 78 and theStatistical AnalysisThe prevalence of iron stores deficiency diagnosed by each marker was estimated as the percentage of children with a value of that marker outside the internationally accepted normal range. The classification of ID by each marker was compared with the classification obtained using the “gold standard” (iron content in the bone marrow) to determine sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of each of them. To visualize the efficacy of each marker to detect ID, Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curves were constructed and the areas under the resulting ROC curves (AUCROC) were calculated [46].
