Action (PCR) was performed on DNA extracted from penile squamous cell carcinoma samples. Purified DNA (1?0 ) was subjected to PCR. The amplification of a fragment of the b-globin gene served as an internal control to assess the sufficiency of DNA in each specimen.HPV DNA DetectionGlobin positive specimens were analyzed by PCR for the presence of HPV DNA using the consensus primers GP5+/ GP6+, which flank a fragment of approximately 140 bp of the L1 gene, a highly conserved sequence in HPV genomes, allowing several genital HPV types to be detected [20] The reaction components in a final volume of 50 ul were: 1.0 mM GP5+/ GP6+; 2.0U Taq DNA polymerase (Fermentas, California, USA); 20 mM Tris Cl, pH 8.4; 50 mM KCl; 3.0 mM MgCl2; 200 mM of each deoxyribonucleotide (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, New Jersey, USA) and between 3.0 and 7.0 ml of DNA from the samples. The PCR conditions were an initial step of five min at 94uC, 40 cycles of one min at 94uC, one min at 45uC, and 90 s at 72uC; the last cycle was five min at 72uC. For each reaction, DNA from HeLa cells, a HPV-18 positive cervical cancer derived cell line, was used as a positive control and water and DNA from C33 cells were used as negative controls. The C33 and HeLa cell lines were a generous gift from Dr. Luisa Lina Villa from University of Sao Paulo [21,22].HPV Genotyping by INNO-LiPAGenotyping was performed with the INNO-LiPA HPV Genotyping Extra test (Innogenetics, Gent, Belgium) allowing the identification of 28 different HPV genotypes as well as the HLA-DPB1 gene as internal control for DNA quality. As recommended by the manufacturer, only samples positive for any HPV and/or for the HLA-DPB1 gene were included in the analysis.qPCRqPCR was used to assess the expression of genes identified by rapid subtraction hybridization (RaSH) in fresh samples of penileANXA1 Overexpression in HPV Positive Penis Cancersquamous cell carcinoma. For qPCR, 12 fresh samples of penile squamous cell carcinoma positive for high-risk HPVs and a pool of 7 fresh normal penile tissue samples were used; the normal tissues were defined as the normal reference. Gene-specific primers for qPCR were designed for optimal hybridization kinetics using the Primer 3.0 program (provided by the Whitehead/MIT Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, MA). Quantitative Real-time PCR was performed using an ABI prism 7300 sequencer detector system and SybrGreen PCR Core Reagent (4 IBP Applied Biosystems, California, USA), following the manufacturer’s protocol. In brief, the reaction mixture (20 ml total volume) contained 25 ng cDNA, gene-specific forward and reverse primers for each gene, and 10 mL of 2x Quantitative Sybr Green PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems, California, USA). Relative quantification was given by the CT Solvent Yellow 14 chemical information values, determined for triplicate reactions of penile tumor samples and reference samples for each gene and tubulin (TUBA1A) for the endogenous control. The primer sequences are available on request. Therefore, the relative expression of each specific gene was calculated by using the formula: R = (E target)DCt target (control sample) /(E endogenous)DCt endogenous (control – sample), as previously described [26]. The cut-off for analysis of gene expression was 4 for increases and decreases in expression. A value below this cutoff was considered to indicate that the increase/decrease in expression was not significant.Table 1. Description of penile squamous cell carcinoma patients with clinical parameters and HPV.Action (PCR) was performed on DNA extracted from penile squamous cell carcinoma samples. Purified DNA (1?0 ) was subjected to PCR. The amplification of a fragment of the b-globin gene served as an internal control to assess the sufficiency of DNA in each specimen.HPV DNA DetectionGlobin positive specimens were analyzed by PCR for the presence of HPV DNA using the consensus primers GP5+/ GP6+, which flank a fragment of approximately 140 bp of the L1 gene, a highly conserved sequence in HPV genomes, allowing several genital HPV types to be detected [20] The reaction components in a final volume of 50 ul were: 1.0 mM GP5+/ GP6+; 2.0U Taq DNA polymerase (Fermentas, California, USA); 20 mM Tris Cl, pH 8.4; 50 mM KCl; 3.0 mM MgCl2; 200 mM of each deoxyribonucleotide (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, New Jersey, USA) and between 3.0 and 7.0 ml of DNA from the samples. The PCR conditions were an initial step of five min at 94uC, 40 cycles of one min at 94uC, one min at 45uC, and 90 s at 72uC; the last cycle was five min at 72uC. For each reaction, DNA from HeLa cells, a HPV-18 positive cervical cancer derived cell line, was used as a positive control and water and DNA from C33 cells were used as negative controls. The C33 and HeLa cell lines were a generous gift from Dr. Luisa Lina Villa from University of Sao Paulo [21,22].HPV Genotyping by INNO-LiPAGenotyping was performed with the INNO-LiPA HPV Genotyping Extra test (Innogenetics, Gent, Belgium) allowing the identification of 28 different HPV genotypes as well as the HLA-DPB1 gene as internal control for DNA quality. As recommended by the manufacturer, only samples positive for any HPV and/or for the HLA-DPB1 gene were included in the analysis.qPCRqPCR was used to assess the expression of genes identified by rapid subtraction hybridization (RaSH) in fresh samples of penileANXA1 Overexpression in HPV Positive Penis Cancersquamous cell carcinoma. For qPCR, 12 fresh samples of penile squamous cell carcinoma positive for high-risk HPVs and a pool of 7 fresh normal penile tissue samples were used; the normal tissues were defined as the normal reference. Gene-specific primers for qPCR were designed for optimal hybridization kinetics using the Primer 3.0 program (provided by the Whitehead/MIT Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, MA). Quantitative Real-time PCR was performed using an ABI prism 7300 sequencer detector system and SybrGreen PCR Core Reagent (Applied Biosystems, California, USA), following the manufacturer’s protocol. In brief, the reaction mixture (20 ml total volume) contained 25 ng cDNA, gene-specific forward and reverse primers for each gene, and 10 mL of 2x Quantitative Sybr Green PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems, California, USA). Relative quantification was given by the CT values, determined for triplicate reactions of penile tumor samples and reference samples for each gene and tubulin (TUBA1A) for the endogenous control. The primer sequences are available on request. Therefore, the relative expression of each specific gene was calculated by using the formula: R = (E target)DCt target (control sample) /(E endogenous)DCt endogenous (control – sample), as previously described [26]. The cut-off for analysis of gene expression was 4 for increases and decreases in expression. A value below this cutoff was considered to indicate that the increase/decrease in expression was not significant.Table 1. Description of penile squamous cell carcinoma patients with clinical parameters and HPV.
