Dothelial monolayer into the gel region. The permeability of endothelial monolayer changes significantly with Peptide M cost addition of tumor cells (d). Fluorescently-labeled dextran was introduced on day 3 after endothelial seeding to measure the permeability before tumor and again to same samples on day 4 to see the after tumor seeding effects. The tumor cells are introduced on day 3 after day 3 permeability measurements are taken. The statistical significance was tested with paired t-test (p,0.05). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056910.gextravasation rates may be viewed as being biased toward higher values than physiologic.Optimization of Tumor Cell SeedingFrom clinical data, the number of tumor cells that have intravasated and travel in circulation has been measured to be less than ,100 in 7.5 mL of blood on average [39,40]. For the purpose of these experiments, we chose to use a seeding density which was neither so low we were unable to view a significant number of extravasation events in a reasonable number of experiments, nor so high the tumor cells were densely packed at the endothelial surface. This latter situation might lead to tumor cell interactions that poorly represent the situation in vivo. Hence, in this experiment, the tumor cell seeding density was optimized to have only a limited number of tumor cells in the ROI while maintaining as many experimental ROIs as possible that contain at least one tumor cell to facilitate extravasation event observation. Histograms of number of total tumor cells present in each ROI show different trends in distribution of tumor cells for three different tumor seeding densities: 20,000 cells/ml, 50,000 cells/ml, and 200,000 cells/ml (Fig. 3a). Although the smallest tumor seeding density results in the smallest average number of tumor cells in each ROI as shown in Fig. 3b, this is due to having ROIs without any tumor cells 55 of the time. The average value and the histogram can be used for choosing the optimal tumor seeding MedChemExpress 94-09-7 condition and a seeding density of 50,000 cells/ml was chosen as a compromise between mimicking the low number of tumor cells of the in vivo of extravasation condition and increasing the chance to have at least one tumor cell to analyze in any given ROI.ExtravasationTumor cells that disseminate from the primary tumor and survive the vascular system can eventually transmigrate across the endothelium to recolonize at a secondary tumor site. With the microfluidic system developed, we can mimic the extravasation step where tumor cells can transmigrate across an endothelial monolayer into a hydrogel which models the extracellular space of a secondary tumor site. The extravasation 1317923 event is observed in devices that are fixed 1 day after tumor cells are introduced, and direct quantification of the number of extravasated cells provides a metric of extravasation. The region of interest (ROI) is captured in one confocal image scan and shows one cancer cell, labeled green, that has transmigrated across the endothelium,denoted by VEcadherin staining in red, and extravasated into the gel region (Fig. 4a). Surface views of the confocal scan from other samples show three different possible locations of tumor cells 1 day after the seeding: 1) extravasated and in gel, 2) adhered and located onFigure 4. Observation of extravasation and permeability of endothelium. The extravasation event is observed in a sample, which is fixed 1 day after tumor cells are introduced. The region of interest is captured in one.Dothelial monolayer into the gel region. The permeability of endothelial monolayer changes significantly with addition of tumor cells (d). Fluorescently-labeled dextran was introduced on day 3 after endothelial seeding to measure the permeability before tumor and again to same samples on day 4 to see the after tumor seeding effects. The tumor cells are introduced on day 3 after day 3 permeability measurements are taken. The statistical significance was tested with paired t-test (p,0.05). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056910.gextravasation rates may be viewed as being biased toward higher values than physiologic.Optimization of Tumor Cell SeedingFrom clinical data, the number of tumor cells that have intravasated and travel in circulation has been measured to be less than ,100 in 7.5 mL of blood on average [39,40]. For the purpose of these experiments, we chose to use a seeding density which was neither so low we were unable to view a significant number of extravasation events in a reasonable number of experiments, nor so high the tumor cells were densely packed at the endothelial surface. This latter situation might lead to tumor cell interactions that poorly represent the situation in vivo. Hence, in this experiment, the tumor cell seeding density was optimized to have only a limited number of tumor cells in the ROI while maintaining as many experimental ROIs as possible that contain at least one tumor cell to facilitate extravasation event observation. Histograms of number of total tumor cells present in each ROI show different trends in distribution of tumor cells for three different tumor seeding densities: 20,000 cells/ml, 50,000 cells/ml, and 200,000 cells/ml (Fig. 3a). Although the smallest tumor seeding density results in the smallest average number of tumor cells in each ROI as shown in Fig. 3b, this is due to having ROIs without any tumor cells 55 of the time. The average value and the histogram can be used for choosing the optimal tumor seeding condition and a seeding density of 50,000 cells/ml was chosen as a compromise between mimicking the low number of tumor cells of the in vivo of extravasation condition and increasing the chance to have at least one tumor cell to analyze in any given ROI.ExtravasationTumor cells that disseminate from the primary tumor and survive the vascular system can eventually transmigrate across the endothelium to recolonize at a secondary tumor site. With the microfluidic system developed, we can mimic the extravasation step where tumor cells can transmigrate across an endothelial monolayer into a hydrogel which models the extracellular space of a secondary tumor site. The extravasation 1317923 event is observed in devices that are fixed 1 day after tumor cells are introduced, and direct quantification of the number of extravasated cells provides a metric of extravasation. The region of interest (ROI) is captured in one confocal image scan and shows one cancer cell, labeled green, that has transmigrated across the endothelium,denoted by VEcadherin staining in red, and extravasated into the gel region (Fig. 4a). Surface views of the confocal scan from other samples show three different possible locations of tumor cells 1 day after the seeding: 1) extravasated and in gel, 2) adhered and located onFigure 4. Observation of extravasation and permeability of endothelium. The extravasation event is observed in a sample, which is fixed 1 day after tumor cells are introduced. The region of interest is captured in one.
