Ntracellular survival in neutrophils in 38916-34-6 contrast to the LH/HC phenotype. Nevertheless, which role the b-hemolysin plays for the observed effect remains to be determined. The cyl locus of Streptococcus agalactiae encodes b-hemolysin activity and consists of a cluster of genes. While a typical ABC transporter for the extrusion of the b-hemolysin is present in this gene cluster, the other genes appear to encode proteins with similarities to fatty acid synthesis enzymes [10] [11]. In this study, we have used a wild type strain and an isogenic mutant deficient in cylA that encodes the ATP- binding domain of the b-hemolysin transporter [11]. We investigated the role 
of the b-hemolysin for survival of S. agalactiae within THP-1 monocytic cells and primary human granulocytes as relevant host cells of the innate immune system.Materials and Methods Streptococcal Strains and Growth ConditionsThe bacterial strains and plasmids used are listed in Table 1. BSU 6 a S. agalactiae serotype Ia strain served as the wild type. The isogenic b-hemolysin deletion mutant of this strain, designated asThe GBS ?Hemolysin and Intracellular SurvivalBSU 281, was generated by deleting the cylA gene that encodes the ATP-binding domain of the b-hemolysin transporter as described in an earlier publication [11]. For immunofluorescence microscopy, both streptococcal strains were transformed with the reporter plasmid pBSU101 as described previously [12]. The plasmid carries a copy of the enhanced green fluorescent gene egfp under the control of the S. agalactiae CAMP- factor gene (cfb) promoter. The bacterial strains carrying pBSU101 were designated as BSU 98 (parent strain: BSU 6) and BSU 453 (parent strain: BSU 281). The bacteria were grown at 37uC in Todd-Hewitt broth (THB; Oxoid, Wesel, Germany) supplemented with 0.5 yeast extract (Difco) containing 120 mg/l Spectinomycin. For experiments, bacteria were adjusted to 107 colony forming units (CFU)/ml, washed in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.0) and resuspended in RPMI-1640 cell culture medium (Sigma-Aldrich, Deisenhofen, Germany).THP-1 Cells as a Model for Human MacrophagesTHP-1 (ATCC, East Greenwich, RI, USA) is a human acute monocytic leukemia cell line. Morphologically they appear as large, round single, non adherent cells. They were grown at a density of 26105 cells/ml in 23727046 RPMI1640 medium supplemented with 10 c-irradiated FBS, 50 mM b-mercaptoethanol, 2 mM LGlutamine, 100 U/100 mg/ml Penicillin/Streptomycin, 2 mM HEPES (all from Biochrom, Berlin, Germany). Cells were maintained in a humidified atmosphere with 5 CO2 at 37uC. Cells were passaged when density reached 86105 cells/ml and media were changed every three days. For experiments, 106 cells were MedChemExpress Fexinidazole seeded into each well of a 6-well tissue culture plates (Becton Dickinson) and kept in the presence of 10 ng/ml Phorbol 12myristate 13-acetate (PMA, Sigma, Deisenhofen, Germany) overnight at 
37uC and 5 CO2 [13]. On the next day, THP-1 monocytes were completely differentiated into adherent macrophages; a phenomenon controlled via light microscopy. THP-1 macrophages were washed three times with RPMI 1640 medium without antibiotics followed by adding the same medium for the rest of the infection assays.upper layer of lymphocyte separation medium 1077 (PAA, Pasching, Austria) was prepared. Blood was layered carefully on top and centrifuged for 5 min at 1000 rpm, followed by 25 min at 2200 rpm at room temperature. The pink layer at the interface between the two gradi.Ntracellular survival in neutrophils in contrast to the LH/HC phenotype. Nevertheless, which role the b-hemolysin plays for the observed effect remains to be determined. The cyl locus of Streptococcus agalactiae encodes b-hemolysin activity and consists of a cluster of genes. While a typical ABC transporter for the extrusion of the b-hemolysin is present in this gene cluster, the other genes appear to encode proteins with similarities to fatty acid synthesis enzymes [10] [11]. In this study, we have used a wild type strain and an isogenic mutant deficient in cylA that encodes the ATP- binding domain of the b-hemolysin transporter [11]. We investigated the role of the b-hemolysin for survival of S. agalactiae within THP-1 monocytic cells and primary human granulocytes as relevant host cells of the innate immune system.Materials and Methods Streptococcal Strains and Growth ConditionsThe bacterial strains and plasmids used are listed in Table 1. BSU 6 a S. agalactiae serotype Ia strain served as the wild type. The isogenic b-hemolysin deletion mutant of this strain, designated asThe GBS ?Hemolysin and Intracellular SurvivalBSU 281, was generated by deleting the cylA gene that encodes the ATP-binding domain of the b-hemolysin transporter as described in an earlier publication [11]. For immunofluorescence microscopy, both streptococcal strains were transformed with the reporter plasmid pBSU101 as described previously [12]. The plasmid carries a copy of the enhanced green fluorescent gene egfp under the control of the S. agalactiae CAMP- factor gene (cfb) promoter. The bacterial strains carrying pBSU101 were designated as BSU 98 (parent strain: BSU 6) and BSU 453 (parent strain: BSU 281). The bacteria were grown at 37uC in Todd-Hewitt broth (THB; Oxoid, Wesel, Germany) supplemented with 0.5 yeast extract (Difco) containing 120 mg/l Spectinomycin. For experiments, bacteria were adjusted to 107 colony forming units (CFU)/ml, washed in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.0) and resuspended in RPMI-1640 cell culture medium (Sigma-Aldrich, Deisenhofen, Germany).THP-1 Cells as a Model for Human MacrophagesTHP-1 (ATCC, East Greenwich, RI, USA) is a human acute monocytic leukemia cell line. Morphologically they appear as large, round single, non adherent cells. They were grown at a density of 26105 cells/ml in 23727046 RPMI1640 medium supplemented with 10 c-irradiated FBS, 50 mM b-mercaptoethanol, 2 mM LGlutamine, 100 U/100 mg/ml Penicillin/Streptomycin, 2 mM HEPES (all from Biochrom, Berlin, Germany). Cells were maintained in a humidified atmosphere with 5 CO2 at 37uC. Cells were passaged when density reached 86105 cells/ml and media were changed every three days. For experiments, 106 cells were seeded into each well of a 6-well tissue culture plates (Becton Dickinson) and kept in the presence of 10 ng/ml Phorbol 12myristate 13-acetate (PMA, Sigma, Deisenhofen, Germany) overnight at 37uC and 5 CO2 [13]. On the next day, THP-1 monocytes were completely differentiated into adherent macrophages; a phenomenon controlled via light microscopy. THP-1 macrophages were washed three times with RPMI 1640 medium without antibiotics followed by adding the same medium for the rest of the infection assays.upper layer of lymphocyte separation medium 1077 (PAA, Pasching, Austria) was prepared. Blood was layered carefully on top and centrifuged for 5 min at 1000 rpm, followed by 25 min at 2200 rpm at room temperature. The pink layer at the interface between the two gradi.
