T failure. On the other hand, hypertrophic changes (heart weight/body weight, LV weight/body weight and wall thickness) and end-diastolic LV dilatation were comparable between Tg-TAC and WT-TAC (Table 1 and Figure 2). These findings suggest that Twinkle overexpression does not inhibit adaptive remodeling (myocardial hypertrophy) but attenuates maladaptive remodeling (progression of systolic dysfunction) after Autophagy sustained pressure overload. Histopathologically Twinkle overexpression attenuated fibrotic changes after TAC operation (Figure 3), and in vitro experiment confirmed the inhibition of profibrogenic genes by Twinkle overexpression (Figure 4 and 5). Cardiac fibrosis is a typical Epigenetics morphological change in maladaptive cardiac remodeling in hypertensive heart disease [24]. Both systolic and diastolic cardiac functions correlate with the degree of cardiac fibrosis [25,26]. Taken together, we speculate the relatively preserved LV function in Tg-TAC may be associated with the amelioration of cardiac fibrosis.ConclusionOverexpression of Twinkle helicase ameliorated the progression of LV fibrosis in a mouse pressure overload model. Increasing mtDNA copy number by Twinkle overexpression could be a novel therapeutic strategy for hypertensive heart disease.Supporting InformationFigure S1 The time course of LV fractional shortening after TAC. The change of LV fractional shortening over time, after TAC operation. Values are mean 6 SEM. *; P,0.05 vs day 0, {; P,0.05 vs WT-TAC (day 28). FS; fractional shortening. (TIF)Twinkle and Pressure OverloadFigure S2 mRNA expressions after TAC operation. A . mRNA expression of COL1a (A), COL3a (B), and CTGF (C), 28 days after TAC or sham operation. They were quantified by realtime PCR relative to nuclear genome (HPRT gene). Values are mean 6 SEM. Data are presented as ratio to WT-sham. (TIF) Figure S3 Twinkle mRNA expression in siTwnkle. Rat(TIF)AcknowledgmentsWe appreciate the technical support from the Research Support Center, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University.Twinkle mRNA expression in cultured cardiac fibroblasts were quantified by real-time PCR relative to housekeeping gene (18S gene). Cells were preinfected with AxCAsi-rTwinkle (siTwinkle) or AxCALacZ (LacZ). Values are mean 6 SEM. Data are presented as ratio to LacZ. **; P,0.01 vs LacZ.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: AT TI KS. Performed the experiments: AT TF KO MI YH TT EY HT AS. Analyzed the data: AT TI TF YH EY HT AS. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: TI AS KS. Wrote the paper: AT TI TF KS.
Root foraging is one of the most important aspects of plant behavior because it can affect individual plant growth as well as plant fitness and community structure [1,2]. The said process can respond to the presence of neighboring competitor roots and the heterogeneous distribution of nutrients in the soil [3,4], particularly when the general levels of nutrient availability are low [5?]. In nature, plants are simultaneously exposed to nutrient heterogeneity and the roots of neighbors. Recent studies reported that plant root growth could be an additive or a non-additive response to 23977191 multiple forms of environmental information, which partially depends on the neighboring species or their competitive attributes [8?0]. Therefore, the incorporation of multiple simultaneous environmental conditions in root foraging studies may help toadvance our understanding of the relationships between plant root systems and th.T failure. On the other hand, hypertrophic changes (heart weight/body weight, LV weight/body weight and wall thickness) and end-diastolic LV dilatation were comparable between Tg-TAC and WT-TAC (Table 1 and Figure 2). These findings suggest that Twinkle overexpression does not inhibit adaptive remodeling (myocardial hypertrophy) but attenuates maladaptive remodeling (progression of systolic dysfunction) after sustained pressure overload. Histopathologically Twinkle overexpression attenuated fibrotic changes after TAC operation (Figure 3), and in vitro experiment confirmed the inhibition of profibrogenic genes by Twinkle overexpression (Figure 4 and 5). Cardiac fibrosis is a typical morphological change in maladaptive cardiac remodeling in hypertensive heart disease [24]. Both systolic and diastolic cardiac functions correlate with the degree of cardiac fibrosis [25,26]. Taken together, we speculate the relatively preserved LV function in Tg-TAC may be associated with the amelioration of cardiac fibrosis.ConclusionOverexpression of Twinkle helicase ameliorated the progression of LV fibrosis in a mouse pressure overload model. Increasing mtDNA copy number by Twinkle overexpression could be a novel therapeutic strategy for hypertensive heart disease.Supporting InformationFigure S1 The time course of LV fractional shortening after TAC. The change of LV fractional shortening over time, after TAC operation. Values are mean 6 SEM. *; P,0.05 vs day 0, {; P,0.05 vs WT-TAC (day 28). FS; fractional shortening. (TIF)Twinkle and Pressure OverloadFigure S2 mRNA expressions after TAC operation. A . mRNA expression of COL1a (A), COL3a (B), and CTGF (C), 28 days after TAC or sham operation. They were quantified by realtime PCR relative to nuclear genome (HPRT gene). Values are mean 6 SEM. Data are presented as ratio to WT-sham. (TIF) Figure S3 Twinkle mRNA expression in siTwnkle. Rat(TIF)AcknowledgmentsWe appreciate the technical support from the Research Support Center, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University.Twinkle mRNA expression in cultured cardiac fibroblasts were quantified by real-time PCR relative to housekeeping gene (18S gene). Cells were preinfected with AxCAsi-rTwinkle (siTwinkle) or AxCALacZ (LacZ). Values are mean 6 SEM. Data are presented as ratio to LacZ. **; P,0.01 vs LacZ.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: AT TI KS. Performed the experiments: AT TF KO MI YH TT EY HT AS. Analyzed the data: AT TI TF YH EY HT AS. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: TI AS KS. Wrote the paper: AT TI TF KS.
Root foraging is one of the most important aspects of plant behavior because it can affect individual plant growth as well as plant fitness and community structure [1,2]. The said process can respond to the presence of neighboring competitor roots and the heterogeneous distribution of nutrients in the soil [3,4], particularly when the general levels of nutrient availability are low [5?]. In nature, plants are simultaneously exposed to nutrient heterogeneity and the roots of neighbors. Recent studies reported that plant root growth could be an additive or a non-additive response to 23977191 multiple forms of environmental information, which partially depends on the neighboring species or their competitive attributes [8?0]. Therefore, the incorporation of multiple simultaneous environmental conditions in root foraging studies may help toadvance our understanding of the relationships between plant root systems and th.
