Rhein
Rhein is an active metabolite of diacerein and an anthraquinone found in Rheus (rhubarb). Rhein exhibits pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anticancer, antioxidative, anti-atherosclerotic, and anti-angiogenic activities. Rhein inhibits LPS-induced activation of NF-κB and production of IL-6 and IL-1β by inhibiting degradation of IκB kinase. Rhein also inhibits hyperglycemia-induced apoptosis in β cells in animal models of diabetes. In gastric cancer cells, rhein increases the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and levels of cytochrome c, inducing mitochondria-mediated apoptosis and inhibiting cell proliferation. This compound also inhibits vessel plexus formation and endothelial cell migration. Additionally, rhein decrease H2O2-induced increases in malondialdehyde and lactate dehydrogenase levels and decreases in superoxide dismutase and glutathione activity, inhibiting apoptosis and oxidative injury.
References PubMed ID：:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18958717
| Cas No. |
478-43-3 |
|---|---|
| Purity |
≥88% |
| Formula |
C15H8O6 |
| Formula Wt. |
284.22 |
| Chemical Name |
9,10-Dihydro-4,5-dihydroxy-9,10-dioxo-2-anthracenecarboxylic acid |
| IUPAC Name |
4,5-dihydroxy-9,10-dioxoanthracene-2-carboxylic acid |
| Synonym |
Rhubarb yellow; Monorhein; Rheic acid; Cassic acid; Parietic acid |
| Melting Point |
321-322°C |
| Solubility |
Practically insoluble in water. Soluble in alkalies and pyridine. |
| Appearance |
Yellow needle crystals |
Gao Y, Chen X, Fang L, et al. Rhein exerts pro- and anti-inflammatory actions by targeting IKKβ inhibition in LPS-activated macrophages. Free Radic Biol Med. 2014 Jul;72:104-12. PMID: 24721152.
Liu J, Chen Z, Zhang Y, et al. Rhein protects pancreatic β-cells from dynamin-related protein-1-mediated mitochondrial fission and cell apoptosis under hyperglycemia. Diabetes. 2013 Nov;62(11):3927-35. PMID: 23919963.
Li Y, Xu Y, Lei B, et al. Rhein induces apoptosis of human gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells via an intrinsic mitochondrial pathway. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2012 Nov;45(11):1052-9. PMID: 22850871.
Zhong XF, Huang GD, Luo T, et al. Protective effect of rhein against oxidative stress-related endothelial cell injury. Mol Med Rep. 2012 May;5(5):1261-6. PMID: 22344690.
He ZH, Zhou R, He MF, et al. Anti-angiogenic effect and mechanism of rhein from Rhizoma Rhei. Phytomedicine. 2011 Apr 15;18(6):470-8. PMID: 21112197.
