Guggulsterone
Guggulsterone is a plant steroid obtained from myrrh that exhibits a wide variety of beneficial properties, including anti-metastatic, anticancer, anti-angiogenic, anti-fibrotic, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-hyperlipidemic activities. In vitro, guggulsterone increases activation of caspase 3, decreases expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), cyclin D1, Bcl-2, xlAP, and mucin MUC4, inhibits FAK, Src, and JAK/STAT signaling, and disrupts cytoskeletal organization; together, this results in apoptosis and inhibition of growth and colony formation of pancreatic cancer cells. In colon cancer cells, this compound inhibits expression of VEGF, ARNT, and STAT3 and decreases activity of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 (MMP2/9), inducing apoptosis. Guggulsterone also increases apoptosis in hepatic stellate cells through inhibition of NF-κB activation, suggesting potential benefit as a treatment for chronic liver disease. Guggulsterone also exhibits cardioprotective benefits, inhibiting doxorubicin-induced toxicity in cardiomyocytes; guggulsterone decreases activity of ROS, malondialdehyde, and caspase 3, and also reverses doxorubicin-induced changes in poly(ADP)-ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage, caspase expression, Bcl-2/Bax ratio, and cytochrome c release. Additionally, guggulsterone increases heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) expression and Nrf2 activity, potentially through modulation of phosphate and tensin homolog (PTEN), in vitro. In other cellular models, guggulsterone inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced increases in COX-2 and TNF-α as well as decreases in IκB kinase-α. In cellular and animal models, guggulsterone inhibits preadipocyte differentiation and increases lipolysis of mature adipocytes. Guggulsterone also inhibits the farnesoid X receptor (FXR).
References PubMed ID：:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18929965
| Cas No. |
95975-55-6 |
|---|---|
| Purity |
≥98% |
| Formula |
C21H28O2 |
| Formula Wt. |
312.45 |
| Chemical Name |
(17E)-Pregna-4,17(20)-diene-3,16-dione |
| IUPAC Name |
(8R,9S,10R,13S,14S,17E)-17-ethylidene-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15-decahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-3,16-dione |
| Synonym |
Pregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dione |
| Melting Point |
194-195°C |
| Appearance |
Off white to yellow powder |
Macha MA, Rachagani S, Gupta S, et al. Guggulsterone decreases proliferation and metastatic behavior of pancreatic cancer cells by modulating JAK/STAT and Src/FAK signaling. Cancer Lett. 2013 Dec 1;341(2):166-77. PMID: 23920124.
Kim BH, Yoon JH, Yang JI, et al. Guggulsterone attenuates activation and survival of hepatic stellate cell by inhibiting nuclear factor kappa B activation and inducing apoptosis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013 Dec;28(12):1859-68. PMID: 23808824.
Wang WC, Uen YH, Chang ML, et al. Protective effect of guggulsterone against cardiomyocyte injury induced by doxorubicin in vitro..BMC Complement Altern Med. 2012 Aug 27;12:138. PMID: 22920231.
Song JJ, Kwon SK, Cho CG, et al Guggulsterone suppresses LPS induced inflammation of human middle ear epithelial cells (HMEEC). Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2010 Dec;74(12):1384-7. PMID: 20971513.
Kim ES, Hong SY, Lee HK, et al. Guggulsterone inhibits angiogenesis by blocking STAT3 and VEGF expression in colon cancer cells. Oncol Rep. 2008 Dec;20(6):1321-7. PMID: 19020709.
Ahn KS, Sethi G, Sung B, et al. Guggulsterone, a farnesoid X receptor antagonist, inhibits constitutive and inducible STAT3 activation through induction of a protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1. Cancer Res. 2008 Jun 1;68(11):4406-15. PMID: 18519703.
Yang JY, Della-Fera MA, Baile CA. Guggulsterone inhibits adipocyte differentiation and induces apoptosis in 3T3-L1 cells. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2008 Jan;16(1):16-22. PMID: 18223606.
