Gliotoxin
Gliotoxin was initially produced by the marine fungus Aspergillus and exhibits anticancer, immunosuppressive, and anti-fibrotic activities. In cervical cancer and chondrosarcoma cells, gliotoxin increases activation of caspases 3, 8, and 9, upregulates Bax, and downregulates Bcl-2, resulting in release of cytochrome c and apoptosis. In hepatoma cells, gliotoxin inhibits activation of NF-κB, p38, and Gadd45a, potentiating the effects of radiation and inhibiting cell proliferation. Gliotoxin also suppresses the adaptive immune response, decreasing ROS generation, inhibiting phagocytosis, and inducing apoptosis in leukocytes. Gliotoxin induces a thiol redox-dependent alteration in adenine nucleoside transporter (ANT) mobility and increases activation of caspase 3 and release of cytochrome c, resulting in mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in hepatic stellate cells. This compound also displays anti-parasitic and antimalarial activities against Plasmodium falciparum, inhibiting the proteasome.
References PubMed ID：:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18927548
| Cas No. |
67-99-2 |
|---|---|
| Purity |
≥98% |
| Formula |
C13H14N2O4S2 |
| Formula Wt. |
326.39 |
| Melting Point |
200-202°C |
| Solubility |
CHCl3, DMSO, Methanol, Ethanol, Ethyl acetate, Petrol-ether, Dichloromethane. Water insoluble |
| Appearance |
White Powder |
Nguyen VT, Lee JS, Qian ZJ, et al. Gliotoxin Isolated from Marine Fungus Aspergillus sp. Induces Apoptosis of Human Cervical Cancer and Chondrosarcoma Cells. Mar Drugs. 2013 Dec 24;12(1):69-87. PMID: 24368570.
Hur JM, Yun HJ, Yang SH, et al. Gliotoxin enhances radiotherapy via inhibition of radiation-induced GADD45a, p38, and NFkappaB activation. J Cell Biochem. 2008 Aug 15;104(6):2174-84. PMID: 18425744.
Orciuolo E, Stanzani M, Canestraro M, et al. Effects of Aspergillus fumigatus gliotoxin and methylprednisolone on human neutrophils: implications for the pathogenesis of invasive aspergillosis. J Leukoc Biol. 2007 Oct;82(4):839-48. PMID: 17626149.
Hatabu T, Hagiwara M, Taguchi N, et al. Plasmodium falciparum: the fungal metabolite gliotoxin inhibits proteasome proteolytic activity and exerts a plasmodicidal effect on P. falciparum. Exp Parasitol. 2006 Mar;112(3):179-83. PMID: 16384554.
Orr JG, Leel V, Cameron GA, et al. Mechanism of action of the antifibrogenic compound gliotoxin in rat liver cells. Hepatology. 2004 Jul;40(1):232-42. PMID: 15239107.
Kweon YO, Paik YH, Schnabl B, et al. Gliotoxin-mediated apoptosis of activated human hepatic stellate cells. J Hepatol. 2003 Jul;39(1):38-46. PMID: 12821042.
